Review of present European environmental policies and legislation involving cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is being addressed by a number of charters and conventions and it is clear that its consideration within decision-making processes is progressively becoming a real challenge, both for developers and public authorities. Against this background, this paper reviews the environmental assessment framework developed by the European Community, as this should increasingly influence decision making about cultural heritage in an urban setting. The legislative framework for access to environmental information is also reviewed because of its relevance to the decision-making process.The Directives on Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment both require a consideration of cultural heritage in decision making. This requirement can go some way to addressing the paradox in the European Community's position whereby the community wishes to conserve and enhance its own cultural identity whilst, at the same time, cultural heritage is usually defined at a local level. The present paper suggests that, given their flexibility, the two European Community directives on environmental assessment constitute a promising opportunity to address this seeming paradox, but that there is a significant gap between legal obligations and the methodological tools to meet them.     

星形线电除尘器内EHD流动与粒子行为数值模拟

为了研究星形线电除尘器内电流体动力学（EHD）流动与荷电粒子运动行为及两者间相互作用,构建了线板式电除尘器（ESP）内关于EHD和带电粒子运动学的耦合数值模型.该模型采用有限体积法离散求解电场方程和空间电荷方程,在拉格朗日法下建立带电粒子运动方程,并与FLUENT湍流模型进行耦合.利用这一模型,对3种电场风速下星形线电除尘器内流动形态与粒子运动行为进行了细致模拟,并分析了二次流动对气流、粒子浓度分布的影响.结果表明,星形线电除尘通道内二次流动对流动形态和粒子浓度分布存在显著作用.随电场风速的降低,这一作用将越明显.EHD流动对细小荷电粒子运动的影响更为显著.二次流动产生涡旋并作用于主流来影响粒子运动行为.收尘板面的涡旋挤压粒子流远离壁面向流动中心运动,放电极下游的涡旋则促进粒子流向收尘板壁面靠近.此外,由于捕集通道中强二次流的存在,Deutsch计算式对除尘效率、特别是对于亚微米粒子捕集效率的计算并不准确.     

Optimal Timing to Adopt an Environmental Policy in a Strategic Framework

In this paper, the problem of optimal timing, when to adopt an environmental policy in a strategic framework is considered. Using real options theory and some basic tools of game theory, we show that, under certain assumptions, a country behaving strategically should wait longer before adopting such a policy than if it behaves unstrategically or within a larger entity. Such a postponed decision is sub-optimal as regards to the environment protection.     

Can health feasibly be considered as part of the planning process in Scotland?

The planning system is significant because of its capacity to determine the quality of the built environment as well as the health, well-being and quality of life of the individuals and communities therein. Development planning is especially important because of the long-term impact of the decisions. This paper was developed in response to increasing recognition amongst HIA practitioners in Scotland of the importance of planning for health. It focuses on the relationship between the planning system in Scotland, specifically the Development Planning element of it, and population health and considers how the health impact assessment (HIA) approach can facilitate and support joint working with planners. In particular, consideration is given to the potential impact of the introduction of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) on the linkages between health, HIA and planning.     

战略环境评价在环境与发展综合决策中的作用

建立环境与发展综合决策机制是加强宏观环境管理的着眼点和突破口，其中战略环境评价（SEA）是重要工具，回顾了SEA的概念及发展，从技术支持，运行框架和长远效益几方面论述了SEA所能发挥的核心作用。划分SEA的不同工作模式，阐述其综合决策特征，归纳SEA的成功因素，提出我国开展SEA的建议。     

戴明循环理论在规划环评工作程序中的应用初探

通过分析现阶段我国规划环评的现状和存在的问题,结合国内外规划环评及其工作程序的研究成果,提出使用戴明循环理论对现阶段的规划环评工作程序进行改进,使程序层次化、工作细分化,增强整个规划环评工作的可操作性,使规划环评工作落实到单位和人,明确责任,减少部门间冲突.戴明循环理论的引入,提高规划环评的评价效果和效率,为规划环评提供了一个有效科学的评价方法,有助于规划环评的顺利开展,使环境问题从源头上得到控制,适应建设和谐社会的需要.     

A strategic design approach to develop sustainable product service systems: examples taken from the ‘environmentally friendly innovation’ Italian prize

The product service systems’ (PSS) sustainability potential is described in the framework of the new types of stakeholder relationships and/or partnerships, producing new convergence of economic interests, and a potential concomitant systemic resources optimization.In this perspective, it is argued that the design competencies should move towards those of the ‘strategic design’, thus introducing the concept of ‘strategic design for sustainability’: the design of an innovation strategy, shifting the business focus from designing (and selling) physical products only, to designing (and selling) a system of products and services which are jointly capable of fulfilling specific client demands, while re-orienting current unsustainable trends in production and consumption practices.Some examples of PSS are presented and discussed using the PSS categories ‘services providing added value to the product life cycle’, ‘services providing final results to customers’, and ‘services providing enabling platforms for customers’. The cases derive from an analysis of the ‘environmental friendly innovation’ yearly endowed prize submissions. The Politecnico di Milano University together with the Bocconi University and Legambiente (an environmental NGO) promotes the initiative in Italy.     

Complex behaviour of trivalent rare earth elements by humic acids

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The effect of the introduction of prenatal diagnosis on the reproductive history of women at increased risk from neural tube defects

The reproductive history of 45 couples at increased risk for neural tube defect (NTD) who came for genetic counselling in 1970 and 1971 were compared with a similar number counselled in 1975 and 1976, when prenatal diagnostic tests were freely offered. They were subsequently interviewed in their homes and had their reproductive history recorded to the end of 1973 and 1978 respectively. Nearly all had a previous child with an NTD and none of the women were pregnant at the time of counselling. The effect of prenatal diagnosis was to speed somewhat the decision about further pregnancies, but the number of couples deciding on no further children and on having further pregnancies were almost identical in the two groups. The average number of pregnancies was 2·8 per family, with only 1·2 surviving children. The pregnancy outcomes are discussed as are the reasons for not attempting further pregnancies in both groups, which included very high risk of recurrence, a surviving spina bifida child, inability to accept the tests or its implications. Ninety per cent of the second group had tests. Their reactions to the tests were favourable but all complained of the waiting time between amniocentesis and obtaining the results. They all would have tests again in any future pregnancy. The reason for women not having prenatal diagnostic tests included inability to accept termination. It is concluded that couples in South Wales decide either to have no more children or to have further pregnancies regardless of tests. but tests speed a decision and enable the women to enjoy the pregnancy after obtaining the results, and that an NTD greatly reduces the number of children per family. A termination for an NTD is much more acceptable to most than an NTD at term. The reasons for this are discussed.     

我国造纸行业清洁生产的思路及案例分析

在分析我国造纸行业的污染现状及治理现状的基础,雌出了造纸行业清洁生产的初步思路框架，在该清洁生产思路的指导下，以茂名市造纸厂为案例进行了较为详细的分析，最后，提出了我国造纸行业实施可持续发展的战略措施。